Incoterms®
Incoterms® rules of transportation are frequently used worldwide in international and domestic contracts, illustrating responsibilities between buyers and sellers with regards to costs, risks, responsibilities for cargo and regulatory compliance.
2020 vs. 2010
Key changes
- DAT (Delivered at Terminal) is renamed Delivered at Place Unloaded (DPU)
- FCA (Free Carrier) now allows for Bills of Lading to be issued after loading
Other changes
- CIF (Cost, ) and CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To) set out new standard insurance arrangements, but the level of insurance continues to be negotiable between buyer and seller.
- Where listed, cost allocation between buyer and seller is stated more precisely - one article lists all costs the seller and the buyer are responsible for.
- FCA (Free Carrier), DAP (Delivered at Place), DPU (Delivered at Place Unloaded) and DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) now take account of buyer and seller arranging their own transport rather than using a third party.
- Security-related obligations are now more prominent.
- “Explanatory Notes for Users” for each Incoterm® have replaced the 2010 edition’s Guidance Notes, and are designed to be easier for users.
- CIP now requires as default insurance coverage ICC A or equivalent. It was ICC C under Incoterms® 2010. Required insurance coverage under CIF remains.
2020 Rules for Any Mode(s) of Transport
EXW - Ex Works
FCA - Free Carrier
FREE CARRIER (FCA) means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer in one or other of two ways:
- First, when the named place is the seller’s premises, the goods are delivered when they are loaded on the means of transport arranged by the buyer.
- Second, when the named place is another place, the goods are delivered when, having been loaded on the seller’s means of transport, they reach the named other place and are ready for unloading from that seller’s means of transport and at the disposal of the carrier or of another person nominated by the buyer.
Whichever of the two is chosen as the place of delivery, that place identifies where risk transfers to the buyer and the time from which costs are for the buyer’s account.
CPT - Carriage Paid To
CARRIAGE PAID TO (CPT) means that the seller delivers the goods – and transfers the risk - to the buyer by handing them over to the carrier contracted by the seller or by procuring the goods so delivered. The seller may do so by giving the carrier physical possession of the goods in the manner and at the place appropriate to the means of transport used. Once the goods have been delivered to the buyer in this way, the seller does not guarantee that the goods will reach the place of destination in sound condition, in the stated quantity or indeed at all. This is because risk transfers from seller to buyer when the goods are delivered to the buyer by handing them over to the carrier; the seller must nonetheless contract for the carriage of the goods from delivery to the agreed destination.
CIP - Carriage and Insurance Paid To
CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO (CIP) means that the seller delivers the goods – and transfers the risk - to the buyer by handing them over to the carrier contracted by the seller or by procuring the goods so delivered. The seller may do so by giving the carrier physical possession of the goods in the manner and at the place appropriate to the means of transport used. Once the goods have been delivered to the buyer in this way, the seller does not guarantee that the goods will reach the place of destination in sound condition, in the stated quantity or indeed at all. This is because risk transfers from seller to buyer when the goods are delivered to the buyer by handing them over to the carrier; the seller must nonetheless contract for the carriage of the goods from delivery to the agreed destination.
DAP - Delivered at Place
DELIVERED AT PLACE (DAP) means that the seller delivers the goods – and transfers risk - to the buyer when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination or at the agreed point within that place, if any such point is agreed. The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point within that place. In this Incoterms rule, therefore, delivery and arrival at destination are the same.
DPU - Delivered at Place Unloaded
DELIVERED AT PLACE UNLOADED (DPU) means that the seller delivers the goods – and transfers risk - to the buyer when the goods, once unloaded from the arriving means of transport, are placed at the disposal of the buyer at a named place of destination or at the agreed point within that place, if any such point is agreed. The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at the named place of destination. In this Incoterms rule, therefore, the delivery and arrival at destination are the same. DPU is the only Incoterms rule that requires the seller to unload goods at destination. The seller should therefore ensure that it is in a position to organize unloading at the named place. Should the parties intend the seller not to bear the risk and cost of unloading, the DPU rule should be avoided and DAP should be used instead.
DDP – Delivered Duty Paid
DELIVERED DUTY PAID (DDP) means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer, cleared for import, on the arriving means of transport, ready for unloading, at the named place of destination or at the agreed point within that place, if any such point is agreed. The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point within that place. In this Incoterms rule, therefore, delivery and arrival at destination are the same.
2020 Rules for Sea and Inland Waterway Transport
FAS - Free Alongside Ship
FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP (FAS) means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer when the goods are placed alongside the ship (e.g. on a quay or a barge) nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or when the seller procures goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods transfers when the goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onward.
FOB - Free on Board
FREE ON BOARD (FOB) means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods transfers when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.
CFR - Cost and Freight
COST AND FREIGHT (CFR) means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods transfers when the goods are on board the vessel, such that the seller is taken to have performed its obligation to deliver the goods whether or not the goods actually arrive at their destination in sound condition, in the stated quantity or, indeed, at all. In CFR, the seller owes no obligation to the buyer to purchase insurance cover: the buyer would be well-advised therefore to purchase some cover for itself.
CIF - Cost, Insurance and Freight
COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT (CIF) means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods transfers when the goods are on board the vessel, such that the seller is taken to have performed its obligation to deliver the goods whether or not the goods actually arrive at their destination in sound condition, in the stated quantity or, indeed, at all.
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ICC Training
Read more about ® rules from the official International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) website where you can also order the “Incoterms® 2020” publication.
Sign up for online training on the Incoterms® 2020 rules at icc.academy.